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An Evolutionary Perspective on the Obesity Epidemic.

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  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel; https://md.technion.ac.il/faculty_member/zeev-hochberg/.

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Summary

Human genomes evolved differently based on diet. Hunter-gatherer genomes thrive on low-carbohydrate (CHO) diets, while farmer genomes adapt to high-CHO diets, influencing obesity risk and presentation.

Keywords:
agrarian epochhuman evolutionindustrial revolutionobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Anthropology
  • Genetics
  • Nutritional science

Background:

  • Human lifestyle has drastically changed from hunter-gatherer (HG) to agrarian and industrial epochs.
  • These dietary shifts, particularly increased carbohydrate (CHO) intake, present challenges to ancestral human genomes.
  • Genomic adaptations to diet are crucial for understanding modern health issues like obesity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary genomic basis of obesity.
  • To differentiate between hunter-gatherer (HG) and farmer genome adaptations to diet.
  • To correlate distinct genomic profiles with differing obesity phenotypes and dietary needs.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of ancestral and modern human diets and lifestyles.
  • Genomic and anthropological perspectives on human adaptation.
  • Clinical observation of obesity development in relation to inferred ancestral genome preservation.
  • Dietary intervention strategies based on genome type.

Main Results:

  • Hunter-gatherer (HG) genomes, adapted to high-protein, low-carbohydrate (CHO) diets and intense activity, show low insulin sensitivity.
  • Farmer genomes may not have fully adapted to the high-CHO 'farmer diet' due to famines, preserving HG traits.
  • Individuals with preserved HG genomes develop obesity (age 4-8) and require low-CHO diets.
  • Individuals with farmer genomes become obese in infancy and require low-calorie diets.

Conclusions:

  • Obesity has distinct evolutionary and genomic underpinnings.
  • Two primary ancestral genome types (HG and farmer) exhibit differential responses to modern, carbohydrate-rich diets.
  • Personalized dietary interventions targeting specific genomic profiles are essential for managing obesity effectively.