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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
Published on: April 10, 2015
Ruthenium(IV) Intermediates in C-H Activation/Annulation by Weak O-Coordination
Yu-Feng Liang1, Long Yang1, Torben Rogge1
1Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Gottingen, Germany.
Ruthenium(IV) complexes enable C-H/O-H activations. This study demonstrates efficient synthesis of isocoumarins using sulfoxonium ylides and benzoic acids via a ruthenium-catalyzed BIES-C-H activation pathway.
Area of Science:
- Organic Chemistry
- Organometallic Chemistry
- Catalysis
Background:
- Ruthenium complexes are crucial in C-H and O-H activation reactions.
- Weak oxygen coordination plays a role in forming Ruthenium(IV) intermediates.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop an efficient method for synthesizing diversely-decorated isocoumarins.
- To elucidate the catalytic mechanism involving Ruthenium(II/IV) species.
Main Methods:
- Annulation of sulfoxonium ylides with benzoic acids.
- Detailed experimental investigations.
- Computational studies to support mechanistic proposals.
Main Results:
- Successful synthesis of isocoumarins with broad scope.
- Identification of Ruthenium(IV) complexes as key intermediates.
- Evidence for base-assisted internal electrophilic substitution (BIES)-C-H activation.
Conclusions:
- The developed method offers expedient access to functionalized isocoumarins.
- A versatile Ruthenium(II/IV) catalytic cycle involving BIES-C-H activation is proposed.
- Ruthenium-catalyzed C-H activation provides a powerful synthetic strategy.
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