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Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Symmetric Member in Bending01:07

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In the study of the mechanics of materials, analyzing the behavior of prismatic members under opposing couples is crucial for understanding internal stress distributions, which are essential for structural design. When subjected to couples, a prismatic member experiences internal forces that maintain equilibrium. A couple, characterized by two equal and opposite forces, creates a moment but no resultant force. The internal forces at any section cut of the member must balance these external...
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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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The moment-area method is an analytical tool used in structural engineering to determine the slope and deflection of beams under various loads. Consider a cantilever with a concentrated load and moment at the free end. The first step is constructing a free-body diagram to calculate the reactions at the fixed end. Next, the bending moment diagram is plotted to visualize how the bending moment varies along the beam's length, focusing on points where the bending moment equals zero.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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In vivo microscopic diffusional kurtosis imaging with symmetrized double diffusion encoding EPI.

Yang Ji1,2, Jeffrey Paulsen3, Iris Yuwen Zhou2

  • 1Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|September 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Microscopic diffusional kurtosis imaging (µDKI) offers a novel approach to diffusion MRI, reducing susceptibility to sub-voxel diffusion heterogeneity. This technique shows promise for diagnosing neurological disorders.

Keywords:
diffusional heterogeneitydouble diffusion encodingmicroscopic DKImicroscopic kurtosisneurological disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Diffusion MRI is a key neuroimaging technique.
  • Diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) measures displacement probability deviations from normal distribution.
  • Understanding kurtosis contrast sources in biological tissues is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel microscopic kurtosis MRI technique (µDKI).
  • To compare µDKI with conventional DKI in phantoms and in vivo.
  • To assess µDKI's susceptibility to diffusional heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Developed microscopic diffusional kurtosis imaging (µDKI) using a symmetrized double diffusion encoding (s-DDE) EPI sequence.
  • Compared µDKI and conventional DKI in a triple compartment phantom.
  • Evaluated both methods in vivo using brain imaging.

Main Results:

  • µDKI showed significantly lower kurtosis than conventional DKI in mixed Gaussian pools, indicating reduced sensitivity to heterogeneity.
  • In vivo brain imaging revealed lower kurtosis measurements with µDKI in cortical regions, CSF, and internal capsule.
  • Conventional DKI and µDKI yielded similar results in monosphere bead compartments.

Conclusions:

  • µDKI is less susceptible to sub-voxel diffusional heterogeneity compared to conventional DKI.
  • Preliminary in vivo demonstration of µDKI is successful.
  • Further studies are warranted to explore µDKI's diagnostic potential in neurological disorders.