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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

Arteries of Lower Limbs

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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes

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Robotic and Sensor Technology for Upper Limb Rehabilitation.

Iris Jakob1, Alexander Kollreider2, Marco Germanotta3

  • 1Department of Research and Innovation, Tyromotion GmbH, Bahnhofgürtel 59, 8020 Graz, Austria(∗).

PM & R : the Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation
|October 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Robotic and sensor-based upper limb rehabilitation shows promise for motor learning. Robot-assisted group therapy offers a cost-effective alternative to standard treatments with comparable outcomes, improving patient access.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurologic Rehabilitation
  • Robotics in Medicine
  • Motor Learning

Background:

  • Robotic and sensor-based upper limb rehabilitation is a recognized approach for motor learning.
  • The complexity of upper limb function necessitates combined robotic and sensor-based devices for comprehensive intervention.
  • A multidisciplinary team at Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi (FDG) developed a strategy for implementing robotic rehabilitation across its centers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To implement and evaluate a comprehensive strategy for robotic and sensor-based upper limb rehabilitation.
  • To identify and utilize a set of commercially available robotic devices for treating the upper limb from shoulder to hand.
  • To assess the clinical efficacy and economic viability of robotic rehabilitation compared to conventional methods.

Main Methods:

  • Selection of 4 robotic and sensor-based devices for comprehensive upper limb treatment.
  • Implementation of robotic rehabilitation strategy across 28 FDG centers.
  • Conducting a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing robotic approach with conventional treatment.

Main Results:

  • A pilot study demonstrated encouraging results for the robotic approach compared to conventional treatment.
  • Robot-assisted group therapy was found to be less than half the cost per session in Germany compared to standard individual arm therapy.
  • Equivalent clinical outcomes were observed between robotic group therapy and standard individual therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Robot-assisted group training is a viable option for ensuring access to high-quality therapy for a larger patient group.
  • This approach has the potential to lower overall healthcare costs while maintaining therapeutic effectiveness.
  • The findings support the integration of robotic and sensor-based devices for advanced neurologic rehabilitation.