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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

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Silica-Encapsulated DNA-Based Tracers for Aquifer Characterization.

Gediminas Mikutis1, Claudia A Deuber2, Lucius Schmid1

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Encapsulated DNA in silica creates stable, distinguishable tracers for environmental monitoring. These DNA tracers offer improved resolution for mapping groundwater flow and contamination in aquifers.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Hydrogeology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Environmental tracing is crucial for understanding groundwater systems, including solute transport and contamination pathways.
  • Traditional tracers like uranine have limitations in stability and distinguishability for complex environmental monitoring.
  • DNA's potential as a tracer is hindered by its instability under environmental conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for stabilizing DNA for use as a tracer in environmental applications.
  • To investigate the transport behavior of DNA-based tracers in porous media.
  • To assess the suitability of encapsulated DNA tracers for characterizing aquifers and tracking contaminants.

Main Methods:

  • Encapsulation of DNA into silica particles with controlled size.
  • Development of DNA quantification methods including sample preservation (NaN3) and redispersion.
  • Conducting multitracer tests in sand columns and unconsolidated aquifer experiments comparing DNA tracers with uranine.

Main Results:

  • DNA-encapsulated silica particles demonstrated enhanced stability against microbial, thermal, and chemical stress.
  • DNA tracers showed slightly earlier and sharper breakthrough curves compared to uranine due to size exclusion effects.
  • The size exclusion effect, dependent on pore size, influences tracer velocity, enabling pore-scale characterization.

Conclusions:

  • Encapsulated DNA in silica offers a robust and highly distinguishable tracer system for environmental applications.
  • This novel tracer material enables precise characterization of sandy groundwater reservoirs and high-resolution tracking of multiple contaminant sources.
  • The size-dependent transport behavior of these tracers provides valuable insights into subsurface heterogeneity.