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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.2K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
50.2K
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.7K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.7K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.8K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.8K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.2K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.2K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.2K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.2K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.2K

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Generation of Alginate Microspheres for Biomedical Applications
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Generation of Alginate Microspheres for Biomedical Applications

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Application of solid-phase microextraction in current biomedical research.

Anna Roszkowska1, Natalia Miękus1,2, Tomasz Bączek1,3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.

Journal of Separation Science
|October 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solid-phase microextraction offers efficient, high-throughput analysis of drugs and metabolites in biological samples. This technique is valuable for clinical, pharmaceutical, and toxicological applications, enabling sensitive detection in complex matrices.

Keywords:
drug analysismetabolomicssolid-phase microextraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Accurate analysis of endogenous compounds, drugs, and metabolites in biological samples is crucial.
  • Traditional extraction methods can be complex and solvent-intensive.
  • Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) offers an advanced solution for sample preparation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology.
  • To highlight the utility of SPME in clinical, pharmaceutical, and toxicological analyses.
  • To showcase SPME's application in both in vitro and in vivo studies.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) integrates sampling, extraction, and pre-concentration.
  • SPME utilizes biocompatible coatings for efficient compound extraction.
  • Minimal organic solvent usage is a key advantage of SPME.

Main Results:

  • SPME enables high-throughput extraction from complex matrices like biofluids and tissues.
  • It facilitates sensitive and rapid determination of low-level drugs and metabolites.
  • SPME is suitable for small-volume biological samples and direct in vivo applications.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a versatile and efficient technique for analyzing drugs and metabolites.
  • Its minimal invasiveness and biocompatibility make it ideal for in vivo studies.
  • SPME significantly advances capabilities in metabolomics, clinical diagnostics, and toxicology.