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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
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Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption01:27

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

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Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...
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Quantitative Aspects of Drug-Receptor Interaction01:30

Quantitative Aspects of Drug-Receptor Interaction

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The receptor occupancy theory connects a drug's response to the number of occupied receptors. With higher drug concentrations, more receptors are occupied, leading to increased responses. The formation of drug-receptor complexes involves association and dissociation rates, which reach equilibrium when the forward and backward reactions are equal. The equilibrium association constant (Ka) and its inverse, the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), indicate drug affinity. Higher Ka and lower...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
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Vitamin D: Immunomodulatory Aspects.

Michele Miraglia Del Giudice1, Cristiana Indolfi, Caterina Strisciuglio

  • 1Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
|October 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitamin D, crucial for immunity, is synthesized in the skin via UVB rays. Low vitamin D levels (25(OH)D) increase respiratory infection risk, highlighting its importance for immune health.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Vitamin D, comprising D2 and D3, is vital for calcium metabolism and immune function.
  • Vitamin D3 synthesis in skin relies on UVB radiation, with reduced efficacy at higher latitudes.
  • Calcidiol (25(OH)D) serves as the primary serum indicator of vitamin D status, with optimal levels exceeding 30 ng/mL.

Framework:

  • Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D), the active form, binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR).
  • VDR activation regulates genes involved in calcium homeostasis, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and immunity.
  • Vitamin D modulates innate immunity by enhancing macrophage activity and antimicrobial peptide production.

Implementation:

  • Calcitriol promotes immune regulation by increasing IL-10 production via T regulatory cells.
  • It inhibits pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation.
  • Research indicates a dose-response relationship between lower 25(OH)D levels and increased respiratory infection risk.

Implications:

  • Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels is crucial for robust immune defense, particularly against respiratory infections.
  • Understanding vitamin D's role in immunity can inform public health strategies and therapeutic interventions.
  • Further research into vitamin D supplementation could mitigate infection risks, especially in vulnerable populations.