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Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Maternal and Child Health: An Updated Systematic Review.

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatal and Pediatric Nutrition
  • Maternal and Child Health
  • Nutritional Epidemiology

Background:

  • Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) are crucial for maternal and child development.
  • Previous reviews have examined their effects, necessitating an updated systematic review.
  • This review assesses evidence for n-3 FA effects on a broader range of maternal and infant health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and update evidence on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) in pregnant and breastfeeding women and neonates.
  • To assess the association between n-3 FA intake/biomarkers and maternal/child health outcomes.
  • To evaluate effects on additional outcomes beyond those in the prior review.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective observational studies from 2000 to August 2015.
  • Included studies involved pregnant/breastfeeding women or neonates receiving n-3 FA interventions.
  • Data abstraction and analysis followed Evidence-based Practice Center Methods Guide standards.

Main Results:

  • Prenatal n-3 FA supplementation showed a small positive effect on gestational length and birth weight (moderate SoE).
  • No consistent evidence of n-3 FA effects on preterm birth, peripartum depression, gestational hypertension, or preeclampsia.
  • Inconsistent effects observed for infant visual acuity, cognitive development, and prevention of allergies/asthma; no significant adverse events noted.

Conclusions:

  • Except for minor increases in birth weight and gestation length, n-3 FA supplementation lacks consistent evidence for significant maternal or infant health benefits.
  • Apparent effects on infant outcomes were inconsistent across studies and assessment methods.
  • Future research should utilize standardized preparations and focus on clinically relevant outcomes in populations with typical Western n-3 FA intakes.