Maxillary osteomyelitis associated with osteopetrosis: Systematic review.

Area of Science:

• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
• Genetics and Rare Diseases
• Infectious Diseases

Background:

• Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by increased bone density and impaired bone remodeling.
• Complications include fractures, nerve compression, and osteomyelitis, with maxillary osteomyelitis being particularly uncommon.
• Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO) type II is a specific form of the disease.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review the literature on the management and outcomes of maxillary osteomyelitis in patients with ADO type II.
• To report a case of maxillary osteomyelitis in an ADO type II patient and discuss its management and resolution.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of reported cases of maxillary osteomyelitis in ADO type II patients.
• Analysis of patient demographics, treatment modalities (antibiotics, surgery), and outcomes.
• Case report detailing a specific patient's treatment and recovery.

Main Results:

• 18 cases of maxillary osteomyelitis associated with ADO type II were identified in the literature.
• The mean patient age was 33.5 years, with a 1:1 male:female ratio.
• Antibiotic therapy (commonly amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) and surgery/sequestrectomy (88.89%) were frequent interventions, yet complete healing occurred in only 44.4% of cases.

Conclusions:

• Management of maxillary osteomyelitis in ADO type II patients is complex and treatment protocols are not standardized.
• Complete resolution often requires a combination of interventions, including prolonged antibiotics, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and surgical resection.
• The reported case achieved complete healing through a multi-modal approach.