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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons
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Gamma Band Phase Delay in Schizophrenia.

Brian J Roach1, Judith M Ford2, Daniel H Mathalon2

  • 1Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.

Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
|October 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Schizophrenia patients exhibit delayed gamma band auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs), specifically in phase-locking angle (PLA). This phase delay is a more sensitive indicator of schizophrenia than previously studied gamma power or phase synchrony.

Keywords:
ASSRAuditory steady-state responseEEGGammaOscillationsPhaseSchizophrenia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Previous research identified gamma band auditory steady-state response (ASSR) abnormalities in schizophrenia.
  • Studies focused on reduced 40-Hz ASSR power and phase synchrony (phase-locking factor [PLF]), but not phase delay.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure 40-Hz ASSR phase-locking angle (PLA) to assess phase delay in schizophrenia.
  • To compare the sensitivity of PLA to schizophrenia relative to power and PLF measures.

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected from 28 schizophrenia patients and 25 healthy controls.
  • Participants listened to repeated 40-Hz click trains.
  • Morlet wavelet time-frequency decomposition was used to calculate evoked power, total power, PLF, and PLA from electrode Fz.

Main Results:

  • 40-Hz PLA was significantly reduced (phase delayed) in schizophrenia patients (p < .0001).
  • PLA was unrelated to power or PLF reductions in patients.
  • PLA achieved 85% accuracy in discriminating patients from controls, outperforming power (67%) and PLF (65%).

Conclusions:

  • Gamma oscillations in schizophrenia are phase delayed, consistent with original findings.
  • This phase delay (PLA) represents a larger abnormality than previously studied gamma power and synchrony.
  • PLA offers a distinct neurobiological measure of gamma band abnormalities in schizophrenia, potentially reflecting unique pathophysiological mechanisms.