Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Real Time RT-PCR02:57

Real Time RT-PCR

65.1K
Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...
65.1K
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

327
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
327
Real Number System01:27

Real Number System

1.1K
The real number system includes all numbers used for counting, measuring, and comparing quantities. Natural numbers are the basic counting numbers: 1, 2, 3, and so on. Integers expand this set by including zero and negative whole numbers: ..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, .... Rational numbers are those that can be expressed as the ratio of two integers m/n, where n≠0. This includes fractions like 1/2​, integers such as 46, and decimals that terminate, such as 0.17, or...
1.1K
Scalar Product (Dot Product)01:11

Scalar Product (Dot Product)

27.5K
The scalar multiplication of two vectors is known as the scalar or dot product. As the name indicates, the scalar product of two vectors results in a number, that is, a scalar quantity. Scalar products are used to define work and energy relations. For example, the work that a force (a vector) performs on an object while causing its displacement (a vector) is defined as a scalar product of the force vector with the displacement vector.
The scalar product of two vectors is obtained by multiplying...
27.5K
Vector Product (Cross Product)01:17

Vector Product (Cross Product)

28.0K
Vector multiplication of two vectors yields a vector product, with the magnitude equal to the product of the individual vectors multiplied by the sine of the angle between both the vectors and the direction perpendicular to both the individual vectors. As there are always two directions perpendicular to a given plane, one on each side, the direction of the vector product is governed by the right-hand thumb rule.
Consider the cross product of two vectors. Imagine rotating the first vector about...
28.0K
Real Number Operations01:27

Real Number Operations

321
The concept of real numbers includes all the values that can be represented on a continuous number line. The system began with basic counting values used for enumeration. It later expanded to include values that represent the absence of quantity and opposites of the counting values. When situations required expressing parts of a whole or dividing quantities evenly, values capable of representing such proportions were developed. When written using decimal notation, these values can end or repeat...
321

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

English-hearing toddlers learn words from consistent and variable labels.

Cognition·2026
Same author

Exploring Variation in Infants' Preference for Infant-directed Speech: Evidence From a Multi-Site Study in Africa.

Developmental science·2026
Same author

What 5000 babies can tell us about developing minds and how to study them.

Communications psychology·2026
Same author

Bilingual Families Align Their Languages During Naturalistic Interactions: Evidence from Two Bilingual Communities.

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

ManyNumbers 3: A Multi-Lab Study of Demographic Correlates of Early Number Knowledge.

Developmental science·2026
Same author

Bilingual children's comprehension of code-switching at an uninformative adjective.

Language development research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example
09:56

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

Published on: November 18, 2015

10.3K

Grammatical gender in L2: A production or a real-time processing problem?

Theres Grüter1, Casey Lew-Williams2, Anne Fernald3

  • 1University of Hawai'i, USA.

Second Language Research
|October 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Mastering grammatical gender in a second language (L2) is challenging. This study reveals L2 learners struggle with real-time gender information retrieval, impacting both understanding and speaking.

Keywords:
L2Spanisheye-trackinggrammatical genderonline processingproductionultimate attainment

More Related Videos

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals
04:05

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Published on: September 24, 2020

4.1K
Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

1.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example
09:56

Real-time Monitoring of Reactions Performed Using Continuous-flow Processing: The Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin as an Example

Published on: November 18, 2015

10.3K
Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals
04:05

Real-Time fMRI Brain Mapping in Animals

Published on: September 24, 2020

4.1K
Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

1.5K

Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Second Language Acquisition

Background:

  • Grammatical gender acquisition presents a significant hurdle for many second language (L2) learners.
  • Persistent difficulties suggest underlying issues beyond simple production errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between production-specific performance issues and real-time gender information retrieval difficulties in L2 Spanish learners.
  • To investigate the impact of grammatical gender on both online and offline language processing.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental design crossing production/comprehension and online/offline tasks.
  • Assessment of highly proficient L2 Spanish learners and native speakers.
  • Utilized familiar and novel noun processing tasks.

Main Results:

  • L2 learners achieved ceiling performance in offline comprehension tasks.
  • Elicited production tasks revealed errors in grammatical gender usage.
  • Online processing showed weaker use of gender cues for familiar nouns in L2 learners compared to native speakers.

Conclusions:

  • Difficulty with grammatical gender in L2 learners extends beyond production, affecting real-time receptive language use.
  • Differences in performance may stem from fundamental variations in lexical representation of gender and word learning approaches between infants and adults.