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Related Concept Videos

Space Trusses01:25

Space Trusses

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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. The space truss is widely used in various construction projects due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads.
At the core of a space truss lies the fundamental unit known as the tetrahedron. This structure is composed of six members that form a three-dimensional shape...
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State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

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The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
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Space Trusses: Problem Solving01:29

Space Trusses: Problem Solving

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A space truss is a three-dimensional counterpart of a planar truss. These structures consist of members connected at their ends, often utilizing ball-and-socket joints to create a stable and versatile framework. Due to its adaptability and capacity to withstand complex loads, the space truss is widely used in various construction projects.
Consider a tripod consisting of a tetrahedral space truss with a ball-and-socket joint at C. Suppose the height and lengths of the horizontal and vertical...
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Transfer Function to State Space01:23

Transfer Function to State Space

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State-space representation is a powerful tool for simulating physical systems on digital computers, necessitating the conversion of the transfer function into state-space form. Consider an nth-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients, like those encountered in an RLC circuit. The state variables are selected as the output and its n−1 derivatives. Differentiating these variables and substituting them back into the original equation produces the state equations.
In an RLC...
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State Space to Transfer Function01:21

State Space to Transfer Function

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The conversion of state-space representation to a transfer function is a fundamental process in system analysis. It provides a method for transitioning from a time-domain description to a frequency-domain representation, which is crucial for simplifying the analysis and design of control systems.
The transformation process begins with the state-space representation, characterized by the state equation and the output equation. These equations are typically represented as:
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Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

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The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the...
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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Retroductal Nanoparticle Injection to the Murine Submandibular Gland
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Parapharyngeal Space Tumor: Submandibular Approach Without Mandibulotomy.

Kuauhyama Luna-Ortiz1, Oscar Villa-Zepeda1, Jose F Carrillo1

  • 1Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Av. San Fernando #22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico, D.F. Mexico.

Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery
|October 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The submandibular transcervical approach effectively resects large parapharyngeal tumors with a low complication rate. This safe surgical technique is suitable for tumors up to 7 cm, offering an alternative to more invasive methods.

Keywords:
Parapharyngeal space tumorSalivary gland tumorSarcomaSubmandibular approach

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Head and Neck Surgery
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Parapharyngeal space tumors are rare, accounting for 0.5% of head and neck neoplasms.
  • Approximately 80% of these tumors are benign.
  • The deep location necessitates diverse surgical approaches for effective resection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the submandibular transcervical approach for parapharyngeal tumor resection.
  • To describe surgical outcomes in patients treated with this technique.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, descriptive case-series analysis of 14 patients.
  • Tumors treated between January 2009 and July 2016, excluding carotid body tumors.
  • Submandibular transcervical approach utilized for upfront surgical treatment.

Main Results:

  • Common presenting symptoms included foreign body sensation and pain.
  • Complete tumor resection was achieved in all cases.
  • The major complication was massive bleeding in one patient (7.1%).

Conclusions:

  • The submandibular transcervical approach is a safe and effective method for resecting large parapharyngeal tumors, including those near the skull base.
  • This technique offers advantages over mandibulotomy, with a minimal complication rate.
  • Consideration for tumors up to 7 cm, especially those ≥0.5 cm from the skull base, is recommended.