Overcoming challenges in treating autoimmuntity: Development of tolerogenic immune-modifying nanoparticles

Autoimmune diseases, such as celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes, are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. In these disease states, immune regulatory mechanisms fail that result in T and B cell-mediated destruction of self-tissues. The known role of T cells in mediating autoimmune diseases has led to the emergence of numerous therapies aimed at inactivating T cells, however successful 'tolerance-inducing' strategies have not yet emerged for approved standard-of-care clinical use. In this review, we describe relevant examples of antigen-specific tolerance approaches that have been applied in clinical trials for human diseases. Furthermore, we describe the evolution of biomaterial approaches from cell-based therapies to induce immune tolerance with a focus on the Tolerogenic Immune-Modifying nanoParticle (TIMP) platform. The TIMP platform can be designed to treat various autoimmune conditions and is currently in clinical trials testing its ability to reverse celiac disease.