Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reactions of Acid Anhydrides01:19

Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

5.2K
The reactions of acid anhydrides are analogous to the reactions of acid chlorides and proceed via a nucleophilic acyl substitution. They only differ in the identity of the leaving group. During an acid chloride reaction, the leaving group is a chloride ion, and the by-product is hydrochloric acid. However, in an acid anhydride reaction, the leaving group is a carboxylate ion, and the by-product is a carboxylic acid.
5.2K
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

63.7K
An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
63.7K
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions01:27

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

9.9K
Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...
9.9K
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

4.0K
One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
4.0K
Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Strong Bases: Directed Aldol Reaction00:56

Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Strong Bases: Directed Aldol Reaction

2.8K
The reaction between two different carbonyl compounds comprising α hydrogen in the presence of a strong base like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form a crossed aldol product is known as a directed aldol reaction. The directed aldol reaction is depicted in Figure 1.
2.8K
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:08

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

4.6K
As depicted in Figure 1, base-catalyzed aldol addition involves adding two carbonyl compounds in aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.
4.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Health-related quality of life in French adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia: real-world data from the International XLH Registry.

JBMR plus·2026
Same author

Non-isocyanate polyurethane foams: where we stand and what comes next?

Chemical Society reviews·2026
Same author

Impact of ANCA specificity on risk of cardiovascular events and death in ANCA-associated vasculitis.

RMD open·2026
Same author

Catalyst Selection for Body-Temperature Curable Polyurethane Networks from Poly(δ-Decalactone) and Lysine Diisocyanate.

Polymers·2025
Same author

Biocompatible Glues: Recent Progress and Emerging Frontiers in Surgical Adhesion.

Polymers·2025
Same author

How to Characterize Covalent Adaptable Networks: A User Guide.

ACS polymers Au·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
07:20

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Published on: May 28, 2014

14.5K

Limonene-Based Epoxy: Anhydride Thermoset Reaction Study.

Guillaume Couture1, Lérys Granado2, Florent Fanget3

  • 1Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier-UMR 5253-CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM⁻240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau, CEDEX 5, 34296 Montpellier, France. Guillaume.coutur@enscm.fr.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new bio-based epoxy monomer, bis-limonene oxide (bis-LO), was synthesized from limonene without epichlorohydrin. This research optimizes its formulation for creating novel thermosets from renewable resources.

Keywords:
DSCanhydridebiobased polymersepoxylimonene

More Related Videos

Visualizing Bacterial Motility Based on a Color Reaction
04:44

Visualizing Bacterial Motility Based on a Color Reaction

Published on: February 15, 2022

5.1K
Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy Based on the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reaction
09:44

Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy Based on the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reaction

Published on: January 29, 2019

10.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
07:20

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Published on: May 28, 2014

14.5K
Visualizing Bacterial Motility Based on a Color Reaction
04:44

Visualizing Bacterial Motility Based on a Color Reaction

Published on: February 15, 2022

5.1K
Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy Based on the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reaction
09:44

Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy Based on the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reaction

Published on: January 29, 2019

10.6K

Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Polymer Science
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Growing demand for sustainable development necessitates epoxy thermosets from renewable resources.
  • Traditional epoxy synthesis often relies on petroleum-based feedstocks and hazardous chemicals like epichlorohydrin.
  • Limonene, a bio-based terpene, presents a promising alternative precursor for novel monomers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel bio-based epoxy monomer derived from limonene, named bis-limonene oxide (bis-LO).
  • To investigate the reactivity of bis-LO's epoxy groups, particularly comparing terminal and internal epoxy functions.
  • To optimize the formulation of bis-LO for the development of high-performance thermosets.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of bis-limonene oxide (bis-LO) from limonene, avoiding epichlorohydrin.
  • Comparative reactivity studies using hexahydro-4-methylphthalic anhydride to assess terminal vs. internal epoxy group reactivity.
  • Investigation of the influence of methyl groups on internal epoxy function reactivity.
  • Parametric studies on epoxy:anhydride stoichiometry and initiator concentration.
  • Characterization of the resulting bis-LO-based thermoset.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of a novel bio-based epoxy monomer, bis-LO.
  • Demonstrated differences in reactivity between terminal and internal epoxy rings within bis-LO.
  • Identified optimal formulation parameters (stoichiometry, initiator amount) for bis-LO-based thermosets.
  • Successfully obtained and characterized a novel thermoset material derived from bis-LO.

Conclusions:

  • The developed bis-LO monomer offers a sustainable, bio-based alternative for epoxy thermoset production.
  • Understanding the reactivity of bis-LO's epoxy groups is crucial for tailored thermoset network design.
  • The optimized formulation enables the creation of novel bio-based thermosets with potential applications in various industries.