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Related Concept Videos

Accelerators01:17

Accelerators

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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
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Average Acceleration01:30

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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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In everyday conversation, accelerating means speeding up. Acceleration is a vector in the same direction as the change in velocity, Δv, therefore the greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Since velocity is a vector, it can change in magnitude, direction, or both. Thus acceleration is a change in speed or direction, or both. For example, if a runner traveling at 10 km/h due east slows to a stop, reverses direction, and continues their run at 10 km/h...
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When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
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Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets01:24

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Control of Cell Geometry through Infrared Laser Assisted Micropatterning
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Controlling the Self-Injection Threshold in Laser Wakefield Accelerators.

S Kuschel1,2, M B Schwab1,2, M Yeung1

  • 1Helmholtz Insitute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|October 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Uncontrolled electron self-injection in laser plasma acceleration is caused by small plasma density ripples. A new gas cell design enables background-free injection, improving electron beam quality.

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Area of Science:

  • Laser-driven particle acceleration
  • Plasma physics
  • Electron beam generation

Background:

  • Controlling electron beam parameters is crucial for laser plasma acceleration.
  • Dark-current free acceleration is essential for high-quality beams.
  • Uncontrolled electron injection from background plasma is a major challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the cause of uncontrolled electron self-injection.
  • Demonstrate a method for background-free electron injection.
  • Improve electron beam characteristics like divergence and pointing.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of small-scale plasma density ripples (∼50 μm).
  • Experimental demonstration using a controlled gas flow cell.
  • Validation through analytical theory and 3D particle-in-cell simulations.

Main Results:

  • Small-scale density ripples in background plasma induce uncontrolled electron self-injection.
  • A novel gas cell design successfully achieves background-free injection.
  • Substantially improved electron beam divergence and pointing were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma density ripples are a key factor in uncontrolled electron injection.
  • Controlled gas flow in a specialized cell mitigates self-injection.
  • The findings pave the way for higher-quality laser-accelerated electron beams.