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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

25.2K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Weak Acid Solutions04:02

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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

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Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
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Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

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Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
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Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
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Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

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Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
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Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
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Testing Head Rotation and Flexion Is Useful in Functional Limb Weakness.

Dimitri Horn1, Silvio Galli1, Alexandre Berney2

  • 1Neurology Service Hôpitaux Universitaires Genevois Geneva Switzerland.

Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
|October 27, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New diagnostic signs for functional neurological disorders (FNDs) were evaluated. The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and platysma signs show promise in diagnosing motor FND and differentiating it from organic weakness.

Keywords:
clinical examinationfunctional neurological disorderspositive signsspecificitysternocleidomastoid

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Functional neurological disorders (FNDs) are common and diagnosed via positive internal inconsistency features.
  • Objective data on motor signs, particularly for upper body and neck, are lacking in FND diagnosis.
  • This study focuses on the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and platysma signs for diagnostic utility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the specificity and sensitivity of the SCM and platysma signs in diagnosing motor FND.
  • To compare the diagnostic value of these axial motor signs between FND patients and organic controls.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective inclusion of 30 patients with motor FND and 40 organic controls with unilateral weakness.
  • Systematic testing and comparison of the SCM functional sign and platysma organic signs between groups.

Main Results:

  • The SCM sign demonstrated 90% specificity for FND detection.
  • The platysma sign showed 100% specificity for detecting organic weakness.
  • A positive SCM sign with a negative platysma sign yielded 95% specificity and 63% sensitivity for unilateral weakness in FND.

Conclusions:

  • The SCM and platysma signs are valuable tools for diagnosing motor FND.
  • Further evaluation is needed to determine their added value alongside existing signs like Hoover's sign.