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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury
Published on: December 31, 2017
Cardiac and Vascular Injuries Sustained During Transvenous Lead Extraction
Jamil Bashir1, Roger G Carrillo2
1University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Room 458, 4th Floor, Burrard Building, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
Abstract:
The rise in indications for cardiac implantable electronic devices has necessitated the development of tools for removal of the electrodes that connect the heart to these externally located pacemakers and defibrillators. After implant of a cardiac electrode, variable but progressive fibrous adhesion occurs. Removal of these adhesions can cause devastating complications with high risk of mortality if not treated surgically in a highly expeditious and appropriate manner. This article describes the incidence, risk factors, and diagnosis of these injuries followed by discussion of recent evidence for use of superior vena cava balloon occlusion, and conventional surgical repair of these injuries.
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