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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
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Sustainable Development

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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
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Hemodynamics in Cardiac Development.

Robert E Poelmann1,2, Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot3

  • 1Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratory, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands. r.e.poelmann@lumc.nl.

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
|November 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Altering blood flow in chicken embryos impacts heart development, causing malformations like septal defects and valve issues due to changes in shear stress and gene expression.

Keywords:
Klf2TGF betacardiogenesisendocardial cushionsgrowth factorshemodynamicsneural crestoutflow tract septumsemilunar valveshear stress

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • The developing heart experiences mechanical forces from myocardial contraction and blood flow.
  • These forces, including wall shear stress, influence gene expression and cardiac morphogenesis.
  • Early heart development involves complex looping and asymmetric growth, creating varied flow profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cardiac morphological changes resulting from altered blood flow.
  • To analyze the expression of shear-responsive genes, specifically Tgfbeta receptor III, in endocardial cushions.
  • To understand the impact of mechanical forces on embryonic heart development and associated signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a chicken embryo model with ligation of the right vitelline vein to modify blood flow.
  • Examined morphological alterations in the developing heart.
  • Analyzed gene expression patterns, focusing on Tgfbeta receptor III in endocardial cushions.

Main Results:

  • Diminished endocardial-to-mesenchymal transition led to hypoplastic or absent atrioventricular and outflow tract endocardial cushions.
  • Surviving embryos displayed cardiac malformations, including ventricular septal defects and malformed semilunar valves.
  • Abnormal development of the aortopulmonary septal complex and neural crest cells was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Altered blood flow significantly impacts embryonic heart development, potentially causing lethal defects.
  • Mechanical forces and shear stress are critical regulators of cardiac cushion formation and septation.
  • Interactions within shear stress-responsive signaling pathways (e.g., Vegf, Notch, Tgfβ) are crucial for normal heart development.