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Updated: Jun 23, 2025

In Vitro Three-Dimensional Sprouting Assay of Angiogenesis Using Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Vascular Disease Modeling and Drug Testing

In Vitro Three-Dimensional Sprouting Assay of Angiogenesis Using Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Vascular Disease Modeling and Drug Testing

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TAPVR: Molecular Pathways and Animal Models.

Robert E Poelmann¹, Monique R M Jongbloed^2,3, Marco C DeRuiter⁴

¹Department of Integrative Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|June 17, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

During embryonic development, the pulmonary veins form from a complex network. Anomalies in this process can lead to total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR).

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Area of Science:

Embryology
Cardiovascular Development
Developmental Biology

Background:

The venous pole of the heart, including the sinus venosus and atrium, is crucial for pulmonary vein development.
Early embryonic development involves complex venous connections, with pulmonary drainage initially directed towards systemic veins.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the developmental processes and molecular pathways underlying anomalous pulmonary venous connections.
To elucidate the formation of the pulmonary veins and their connections to the heart during embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

Review of embryonic developmental stages (4th-5th weeks).
Analysis of the formation and remodeling of the sinus venosus and common atrium.
Investigation of the splanchnic vascular plexus and the mid-pharyngeal endothelial strand (MPES).

Main Results:

The right sinus venosus forms the superior and inferior vena cava, incorporating into the right atrium.
The left sinus venosus remodels into the coronary sinus.
Persistent pulmonary-to-systemic venous connections, due to MPES abnormalities, result in total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR).

Conclusions:

Normal development involves the gradual shift of pulmonary venous drainage towards the heart and disappearance of systemic connections.
Aberrant development of the MPES is a key factor in the etiology of TAPVR.
Understanding these developmental pathways is critical for diagnosing and managing congenital heart anomalies.