Optimization Design and Simulation of a Multi-Source Energy Harvester Based on Solar and Radioisotope Energy Sources

A novel multi-source energy harvester based on solar and radioisotope energy sources is designed and simulated in this work. We established the calculation formulas for the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage, and then studied and analyzed the optimization thickness of the semiconductor, doping concentration, and junction depth with simulation of the transport process of β particles in a semiconductor material using the Monte Carlo simulation program MCNP (version 5, Radiation Safety Information Computational Center, Oak Ridge, TN, USA). In order to improve the efficiency of converting solar light energy into electric power, we adopted PC1D (version 5.9, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) to optimize the parameters, and selected the best parameters for converting both the radioisotope energy and solar energy into electricity. The results concluded that the best parameters for the multi-source energy harvester are as follows: Na is 1 × 10¹⁹ cm^-3, Nd is 3.8 × 10¹⁶ cm^-3, a PN junction depth of 0.5 μm (using the ¹⁴⁷Pm radioisotope source), and so on. Under these parameters, the proposed harvester can achieve a conversion efficiency of 5.05% for the ¹⁴⁷Pm radioisotope source (with the activity of 9.25 × 10⁸ Bq) and 20.8% for solar light radiation (AM1.5). Such a design and parameters are valuable for some unique micro-power fields, such as applications in space, isolated terrestrial applications, and smart dust in battlefields.