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Correlations

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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Correlation and Causation01:27

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
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Correlation01:09

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In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
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Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan01:30

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ventilation Perfusion Scans are two radiological investigations that offer detailed diagnostic images of the body, particularly lung structures.
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Correlation and Regression00:53

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In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is mathematically expressed by the correlation coefficient, which describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The coefficient is symbolically represented by 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive correlation where the two variables move in the same direction. A negative value suggests a...
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Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma
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Radiological-Pathological Correlation in Plasmablastic Lymphoma in an Immunocompromised Patient.

A Moramarco1, M Marenco1, M La Cava1

  • 1Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.

Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine
|November 14, 2018
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Summary
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Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), an aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, can affect the orbit, mimicking other conditions in immunocompromised patients. This case highlights orbital PBL in an HIV-positive drug user, emphasizing diagnostic challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma predominantly affecting the oral mucosa in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Orbital involvement in PBL can occur primarily or secondarily, posing diagnostic challenges due to potential mimicry of other orbital pathologies.
  • Conditions like fungal infections can present with similar radiological features in the orbit of immunocompromised patients and drug users.

Observation:

  • This report details a rare case of orbital plasmablastic lymphoma.
  • The patient was immunocompromised, HIV-positive, and a drug user.
  • Clinical, radiological, and pathological features were analyzed.

Findings:

  • Orbital plasmablastic lymphoma presented in an immunocompromised, HIV-positive drug user.
  • The case underscores the importance of considering PBL in the differential diagnosis of orbital lesions in this patient population.
  • Radiological findings may overlap with other orbital infections.

Implications:

  • Accurate diagnosis of orbital PBL is crucial for appropriate treatment and management.
  • Increased awareness of PBL's potential orbital manifestation is needed, especially in at-risk populations.
  • Further research into the specific characteristics and treatment outcomes of orbital PBL is warranted.