Fluorescent Nanodiamond Applications for Cellular Process Sensing and Cell Tracking

Diamond nanocrystals smaller than 100 nm (nanodiamonds) are now recognized to be highly biocompatible. They can be made fluorescent with perfect photostability by creating nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in the diamond lattice. The resulting fluorescent nanodiamonds (FND) have been used since the late 2000s as fluorescent probes for short- or long-term analysis. FND can be used both at the subcellular scale and the single cell scale. Their limited sub-diffraction size allows them to track intracellular processes with high spatio-temporal resolution and high contrast from the surrounding environment. FND can also track the fate of therapeutic compounds or whole cells in the organs of an organism. This review presents examples of FND applications (1) for intra and intercellular molecular processes sensing, also introducing the different potential biosensing applications based on the optically detectable electron spin resonance of NV^- centers; and (2) for tracking, firstly, FND themselves to determine their biodistribution, and secondly, using FND as cell tracking probes for diagnosis or follow-up purposes in oncology and regenerative medicine.