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Related Concept Videos

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

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Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
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ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

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An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
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Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action

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Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
Succinylcholine is the most commonly used depolarizing blocker. Chemically, it constitutes two molecules of acetylcholine joined together by an acetate methyl group. They act on the receptors in the same way as acetylcholine. Because...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Related Experiment Video

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Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice
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Phase Relation between Depolarization and Repolarization Alternans in ECG.

Sahar Alaei, David Wasemiller, Siqi Wang

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |November 17, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    R wave amplitude alternans (RWAA) and T-wave alternans (TWA) were investigated for predicting ventricular arrhythmia. Their labile phase relationship suggests a new approach to improve arrhythmia prediction beyond TWA alone.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Computational Biology

    Background:

    • T-wave alternans (TWA) in ECGs predict ventricular arrhythmia but have poor positive predictive value (PPV).
    • Spatial concordance/discordance of alternans influences arrhythmic potential.
    • Previous studies linked depolarization and repolarization alternans phase to concordant-discordant transitions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To verify R wave amplitude alternans (RWAA) in clinical ECGs.
    • To investigate the phase relationship between RWAA and TWA.
    • To explore novel arrhythmia prediction indexes complementing TWA.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of clinical-grade electrocardiograms (ECGs).
    • Verification of R wave amplitude alternans (RWAA) occurrence.
    • Investigation of the phase relationship between RWAA and TWA.

    Main Results:

    • R wave amplitude alternans (RWAA) were confirmed in clinical ECGs.
    • The phase relationship between RWAA and TWA was found to be labile.
    • These findings support further research into combined alternans analysis.

    Conclusions:

    • RWAA is a verifiable phenomenon in clinical ECGs.
    • The dynamic phase relationship between RWAA and TWA offers new insights.
    • Investigating the co-occurrence of RWAA and TWA may enhance arrhythmia prediction.