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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

16.1K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
16.1K
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

12.9K
Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
12.9K
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

8.1K
This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
8.1K
Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

7.4K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
7.4K
Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

4.8K
Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...
4.8K
Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction01:08

Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

6.1K
The reaction of an ester with a Grignard reagent, followed by hydrolysis of the magnesium alkoxide salt in aqueous acid, yields a tertiary alcohol. In the case of formate esters, secondary alcohols are formed.
The reaction requires two equivalents of the Grignard reagent and introduces two identical alkyl groups, derived from the Grignard reagent, bonded to the hydroxyl-bearing carbon of the alcohol.
The reaction follows the typical nucleophilic acyl substitution mechanism. The Grignard...
6.1K

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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis
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Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis

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Alcohol-Associated Cirrhosis.

Michael R Lucey1

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue Suite 4000, Madison, WI 53705-2281, USA.

Clinics in Liver Disease
|November 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC) is a significant health issue, often linked to alcohol use disorder. Abstinence is key for treatment, as continued drinking worsens outcomes, potentially leading to liver failure or the need for palliative care.

Keywords:
AlcoholCirrhosisComorbidityLiver disease

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC) represents up to 50% of cirrhosis cases in the US.
  • AC frequently co-occurs with alcohol-use disorder and other comorbidities.
  • Recognizing AC is crucial for patient management and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and clinical course of alcohol-associated cirrhosis.
  • To highlight the importance of abstinence in AC management.
  • To discuss treatment options and end-of-life care considerations for AC patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of alcohol-associated cirrhosis.
  • Analysis of AC natural history based on drinking status.
  • Discussion of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Abstinence is the cornerstone of AC treatment and impacts disease progression.
  • Decompensation can lead to acute-on-chronic liver failure and mortality.
  • Noninvasive methods aid in AC detection.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of AC hinges on patient abstinence from alcohol.
  • For advanced or decompensated AC, especially when liver transplant is not an option, palliative care is essential.
  • Understanding the natural history of AC informs clinical decision-making and patient outcomes.