Before the big time: early history of the Training School at Vineland, 1888 to 1949

Leaders of the Training School at Vineland made major contributions to the field of mental retardation from 1890 to 1940. S. O. Garrison originated the cottage plan and emphasized education and self-support. E. R. Johnstone pioneered teacher training, published a journal, initiated social action programs, and established a research laboratory. H. H. Goddard standardized the Binet-Simon scales in the United States, validated heredity as a cause of mental retardation, and hosted the production of the first group intelligence tests. S. D. Porteus supplemented the Binet with measures of personality. E. A. Doll established that birth injury could cause mental retardation, investigated the educability of profoundly retarded individuals, produced the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, and fostered electroencephalographic research.