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Related Concept Videos

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

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Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
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The actuarial approach, a statistical method originally developed for life insurance risk assessment, is widely used to calculate survival rates in clinical and population studies. This method accounts for participants lost to follow-up or those who die from causes unrelated to the study, ensuring a more accurate representation of survival probabilities.
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Information Processing Approach01:30

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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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The Kaplan-Meier estimator is a non-parametric method used to estimate the survival function from time-to-event data. In medical research, it is frequently employed to measure the proportion of patients surviving for a certain period after treatment. This estimator is fundamental in analyzing time-to-event data, making it indispensable in clinical trials, epidemiological studies, and reliability engineering. By estimating survival probabilities, researchers can evaluate treatment effectiveness,...
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Multifunctional Nanoparticle Approach for Targeting Melanoma.

Jun Li1, Jun Xie2, Jintao Zhu3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Symposium Proceedings
|November 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New targeted therapies and immunotherapies have improved survival for metastatic melanoma patients. However, challenges like drug resistance and side effects limit their widespread clinical use.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Malignant melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with rising global incidence.
  • Recent advances include six FDA-approved targeted therapies and immunotherapies for metastatic melanoma.
  • These interventions represent the first to significantly improve survival rates for this deadly disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of recent therapeutic advancements in metastatic melanoma treatment.
  • To highlight the efficacy and limitations of novel targeted therapies and immunotherapies.
  • To discuss challenges hindering broader clinical application of these treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trials and FDA approvals for melanoma treatments.
  • Analysis of survival data and response rates for targeted therapies and immunotherapies.
  • Evaluation of resistance mechanisms and immune-related adverse events associated with new treatments.

Main Results:

  • Multiple targeted therapies (e.g., BRAF/MEK inhibitors) and immunotherapies (e.g., anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1) have demonstrated improved survival.
  • Rapid development of resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors is a significant clinical challenge.
  • Anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 therapies show limited objective response rates and can cause immune-related side effects.

Conclusions:

  • Recent targeted therapies and immunotherapies offer unprecedented survival benefits for metastatic melanoma.
  • Overcoming therapeutic resistance and managing side effects are critical for optimizing treatment outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to enhance the efficacy and tolerability of melanoma treatments.