The Essential Role of Information Management in Point-of-Care/Critical Care Testing

Laboratory medicine is undergoing tremendous change in recent years driven primarily by technology, regulations, reimbursement, and market forces. In this paradigm shift, the laboratory is under tremendous pressure to adapt to new requirements for critical care testing. Indeed, laboratories have entered the information age where chemical data is being extracted from specimens in totally automated fashion. In the past, laboratory data has played a more historical role in the care of critically ill patients, arriving at the bedside too late to be of significant use in the active, ongoing care of the patient. However, today's physicians taking care of critically ill patients now require that laboratory results are made available in real-time and, if possible, at the patient's pont-of-care. Many new testing point-of-care testing devices have been developed to address this need however often laboratories implement such distributed devices with little or no attention to the information technology requirements. In fact, as little as 10 percent of point-of-care testing is actually managed by the central laboratory computer hence critically importance results are not found on the patient's electronic medical record. In addition, the billing and management data for point-of-care testing is often handled manually with no plans to interface point-of-care devices to the laboratory billing and management systems. Because of recent improvements of information handling and interface capability, such shortcomings in data management are no longer acceptable. Indeed, the demands for laboratories to utilize information technology are such that those laboratories with no overall plan for data management of critical care testing will probably not survive this market driven paradigm. We present a discussion of the various approaches to computerization of point-of-care testing including the advantages and the disadvantages of each approach.