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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Ultrasonic nano-emulsification - A review.

Seyed Mohammad Mohsen Modarres-Gheisari1, Roghayeh Gavagsaz-Ghoachani1, Massoud Malaki2

  • 1Mechanical and Energy Systems Engineering Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
|November 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Ultrasonic nano-emulsification (UE) offers advantages in creating nano-sized emulsions for various industries. Optimizing parameters like frequency and power enhances UE efficiency and droplet size control.

Keywords:
Irradiation parametersMinimum droplet diameter sizeNanoemulsionsSurfactant-freeTandem acoustic emulsificationUltrasonic emulsification

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Nanoemulsions, with nano-sized dispersed phases, find broad applications in food, dairy, pharmaceuticals, paints, and oils.
  • Ultrasonic emulsification (UE) is an energy-intensive method increasingly used for its unique benefits in creating emulsions.
  • Understanding UE parameters is crucial for efficient nanoemulsion production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review and assess ultrasonic nano-emulsification (UE) processes.
  • To focus on key parameters influencing UE, including pre-emulsion steps, multi-frequency/step irradiations, and surfactant-free conditions.
  • To identify areas for future research in UE.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of experimental research data on ultrasonic nano-emulsification.
  • Categorization of experimental parameters such as frequency, irradiation power, time, oil phase, and surfactant concentration.
  • Tabulation of droplet size and stability duration data to highlight research gaps.

Main Results:

  • Experimental data on UE parameters including frequency, power, time, oil phase, and surfactant concentration were analyzed.
  • Droplet size and stability duration were key metrics evaluated in the reviewed studies.
  • The review identified specific parameters and conditions that impact nanoemulsion characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrasonic nano-emulsification (UE) is a developing technique with significant advantages for producing nanoemulsions.
  • Optimization of UE parameters and stimulated conditions is essential for maximizing its potential.
  • Further research is needed to fully explore and refine UE for various industrial applications.