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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
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Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care01:29

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The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
Assessment:
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Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
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Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
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Immunomodulators in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Philippe Lavigne1, Stella E Lee1,2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|December 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New immunomodulator therapies show promise for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) treatment, particularly biologic therapies targeting specific inflammatory pathways. Further research is needed to optimize these advanced treatments for severe CRS cases unresponsive to current therapies.

Keywords:
BiologicChronic rhinosinusitisImmunomodulatorImmunotherapyNasal polyps

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex inflammatory condition of the upper airway.
  • Current treatments for severe CRS, including nasal polyps (CRSwNP), often involve corticosteroids and surgery, with limited options for refractory cases.
  • Immunomodulatory therapies represent a novel approach to managing CRS by targeting underlying immune dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on immunomodulator therapies for CRSwNP.
  • To provide insight into the conceptualization and treatment of CRS with a focus on emerging immunomodulatory agents.
  • To assess the potential of novel biologic and small molecule therapies in CRS management.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of literature from Pubmed, Medline, and Embase databases.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for immunomodulators targeting key inflammatory pathways in CRSwNP.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles of investigated agents.

Main Results:

  • Biologic therapies targeting IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 demonstrate significant promise in phase 3 trials for CRSwNP.
  • Omalizumab (anti-IgE), mepolizumab/reslizumab (anti-IL-5), and dupilumab (anti-IL-4/IL-13) have shown clinical benefits over placebo in studied outcomes.
  • Investigational targets also include TSLP, IL-25, IL-33, and Siglec-8, alongside small molecules modulating immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Developing immunomodulator therapies offer new options for severe CRS refractory to conventional treatments.
  • Monoclonal antibody therapies are progressing through phase 3 trials, with IL-4/IL-13 inhibition showing particular promise.
  • Further large-scale trials are essential for understanding these therapies and advancing endotype-driven CRS management; long-term immunomodulatory effects require continued investigation.