MEDICAL BASIS OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY FORMATION (REVIEW)

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Neurology
• Pathophysiology

Background:

• Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a growing global health concern, affecting millions worldwide.
• Diabetic neuropathy (DN), a common complication, impacts over 50% of individuals with chronic diabetes.
• The precise pathogenesis of DN remains incompletely understood, necessitating further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and elucidate the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic neuropathy.
• To identify key molecular pathways involved in DN pathogenesis for potential therapeutic targeting.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of current research on the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy.
• Analysis of proposed mechanisms involving hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
• Examination of the role of specific signaling pathways and molecules in DN development.

Main Results:

• Hyperglycemia is identified as a central factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
• Key pathways implicated include the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) and oxidative stress.
• High glucose levels activate multiple pathogenic processes: inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and apoptosis.

Conclusions:

• Diabetic neuropathy is driven by hyperglycemia-induced activation of pathways like Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNFa), Angiotensin II (Ang II), and Protein Kinase C (PKC).
• Targeting these hyperglycemia-associated pathological processes offers a promising therapeutic strategy for managing DM and its complications.
• Further research into these pathways can lead to novel treatments for diabetic neuropathy.