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Related Concept Videos

Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD01:21

Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD

6.3K
A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used;...
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Estimating Population Mean with Unknown Standard Deviation01:22

Estimating Population Mean with Unknown Standard Deviation

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In practice, we rarely know the population standard deviation. In the past, when the sample size was large, this did not present a problem to statisticians. They used the sample standard deviation s as an estimate for σ and proceeded as before to calculate a confidence interval with close enough results. However, statisticians ran into problems when the sample size was small. A small sample size caused inaccuracies in the confidence interval.
William S. Gosset (1876–1937) of the...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

60.5K
Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy
12:04

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Published on: August 14, 2012

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Unknown primary large-cell neuroendocrine tumor.

Sara Póvoa1,2, Daniela Azevedo1,2, Cristiana Marques1,2

  • 1a Centro Hospitalar de São João, Medical Oncology Department. Porto, Portugal.

Autopsy & Case Reports
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Large-cell neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are aggressive cancers. This case highlights a rare presentation and emphasizes that complete surgical resection may improve survival in these challenging NETs.

Keywords:
Carcinoma, NeuroendocrineNeoplasms, Unknown PrimaryNeuroendocrine Tumors

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Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Large-cell neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, aggressive malignancies with a propensity to arise in the lung or gastrointestinal tract.
  • Primary unknown NETs present a diagnostic challenge with limited data on prognosis and management.
  • Neuroendocrine tumors can occur anywhere in the body, making primary site identification crucial for treatment.

Observation:

  • A case of large-cell NET presenting as supraclavicular lymphadenopathy is described.
  • Histopathological analysis revealed a malignant neoplasm with high-grade features, including a high mitotic index and Ki 67 of 25-30%.
  • Immunohistochemistry confirmed neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin, synaptophysin) and TTF-1 expression, with no definitive primary tumor identified despite lung lesions.

Findings:

  • The patient experienced initial response to carboplatin and etoposide chemotherapy but progressed rapidly.
  • Subsequent chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy were administered, with limited efficacy.
  • Despite aggressive disease and treatment challenges, the patient achieved an atypical long survival of 54 months.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the aggressive nature of large-cell NETs and the difficulties in managing primary unknown cases.
  • Complete surgical resection appears to be a critical factor for long-term survival in large-cell NET patients, even with advanced disease.
  • Further research is needed to optimize treatment strategies and improve outcomes for patients with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors.