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Related Concept Videos

Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Resistance01:19

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
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Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
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Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
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Paper-Based Magneto-Resistive Sensor: Modeling, Fabrication, Characterization, and Application.

Meriem Akin1, Autumn Pratt2, Jennifer Blackburn3

  • 1Institute of Microtechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Braunschweig University of Technology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. meriem.akin@tu-braunschweig.de.

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We created a novel paper-based anisotropic magneto-resistive sensor using permalloy. A computational model explains how paper

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Anisotropic magneto-resistance (AMR) sensors are crucial for various applications.
  • Paper substrates offer a low-cost and flexible platform for sensor fabrication.
  • Understanding the influence of substrate topography on sensor performance is vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a paper-based anisotropic magneto-resistive sensor.
  • To model the effect of paper's stochastic fiber network on AMR.
  • To demonstrate educational applications of the developed sensor.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a paper-based sensor using sputtered permalloy (Ni81Fe19) thin film.
  • Development of a computational model to analyze paper topography's influence on AMR.
  • Empirical verification of model predictions regarding AMR response shifts and peak ratios.

Main Results:

  • The paper's fiber network induces a 45° shift in AMR response compared to smooth surfaces.
  • A model explained AMR peak variations through superimposed responses on fibrous and buried topographies.
  • Achieved a maximum AMR peak of 0.4% with a sensitivity range of [0.17, 0.26]%.

Conclusions:

  • The developed paper-based AMR sensor exhibits unique characteristics influenced by substrate topography.
  • The computational model accurately captures the physics of paper-substrate interactions in AMR sensors.
  • The sensor is suitable for educational tools, including a textbook clicker and braille flashcards.