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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots
Published on: January 13, 2023
Logical stimuli-triggered delivery of small molecules from hydrogel biomaterials
Emily R Ruskowitz1, Michael P Comerford, Barry A Badeau
1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 3781 Okanogan Lane NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. profcole@uw.edu.
Abstract:
Stimuli-responsive biomaterials are useful platforms for environmentally triggered drug delivery. By varying the molecular architecture of orthogonal stimuli-labile linkages between small molecules and non-degradable materials, we demonstrate the Boolean logic-based release of model therapeutics from gels. Programmable responses are demonstrated for materials sensitive to input combinations involving enzymes, chemical reductants, and light via YES, OR, and AND logic gates.
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