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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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After a fibrin clot is formed, the next step is clot retraction, a vital process facilitated by platelet contractile proteins, such as actin and myosin. These proteins pull the fibrin strands closer together and condense the clot. This action reduces the size of the clot, creating a smaller, denser structure that effectively seals off the damaged vessel. Clot retraction consolidates the clot and helps with wound healing by bringing the edges of the damaged blood vessel closer together.
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NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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Retraction Note: NF-κB activation impairs somatic cell reprogramming in ageing.

Clara Soria-Valles1, Fernando G Osorio1, Ana Gutiérrez-Fernández1

  • 1Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.

Nature Cell Biology
|December 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This article is retracted due to unavailable original data for figures and errors in data presentation. The authors believe the core findings remain valid but retract the paper to address data integrity concerns.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Context:

  • The study investigated cellular processes using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and immunoblotting techniques.
  • Specific figures and supplementary data were presented to support the findings.

Purpose:

  • To present research findings on cellular mechanisms.
  • To provide supporting data through various experimental methods.

Summary:

  • The article is retracted due to unavailability of original numerical data for most graphs.
  • Issues identified include missing data for specific EMSA and immunoblot experiments, and errors in figure presentation.
  • Incorrect labeling of β-actin immunoblots as loading controls instead of sample processing controls was also noted.

Impact:

  • Retraction due to data availability and presentation issues impacts the scientific record.
  • The authors acknowledge errors and apologize for potential confusion caused to the scientific community.
  • Despite issues, authors maintain that the key findings of the paper are still valid.