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Understanding the formal definition of a limit is essential for precise mathematical analysis. This concept allows us to rigorously determine how a function behaves near a particular point without relying on ambiguous notions such as "getting close." The ε-δ definition plays a foundational role in calculus, ensuring analytical clarity and logical consistency in limit evaluation.The formal definition states that the limit of a function f(x) as x approaches a is L, written asif for...
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Time for Precision: A World Without Susceptibility Breakpoints.

Justin C Bader1, Elizabeth A Lakota1, David R Andes2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints are limited. A new framework integrating pathogen and patient data can optimize antimicrobial selection for precision medicine and improved treatment success.

Keywords:
in vitro susceptibility testing criteriapharmacokineticpharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamicsprecision medicinesusceptibility breakpoints

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints guide antimicrobial regimen selection.
  • Current breakpoints primarily assess pathogen susceptibility, neglecting patient-specific drug exposure.
  • This limits accurate prediction of individual treatment success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel framework for antimicrobial regimen evaluation.
  • To integrate pathogen susceptibility with patient-specific pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) data.
  • To enable precision medicine in antimicrobial selection and dosing.

Main Methods:

  • Development of tools for automated PK-PD target attainment analyses.
  • Integration of pathogen susceptibility data with patient-specific drug exposure.
  • Framework designed for case-by-case evaluation of antimicrobial regimens.

Main Results:

  • The proposed framework considers both pathogen and patient factors.
  • Automated PK-PD analyses provide a more comprehensive assessment.
  • This approach addresses the "half of the equation" missed by traditional breakpoints.

Conclusions:

  • A shift towards patient-centered antimicrobial care is proposed.
  • Implementing PK-PD target attainment tools can personalize antimicrobial therapy.
  • This paradigm shift facilitates precision medicine in infectious disease treatment.