Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 31, 2026
09:53
Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
Published on: July 5, 2021
4.3K
Initial Experience with 3-Dimensional Exoscope-Assisted Transmastoid and Lateral Skull Base Surgery
Sullivan Smith1,2, Elliott D Kozin1,2, Vivek V Kanumuri1,2
11 Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Summary
Three-dimensional exoscopes offer a feasible alternative to traditional operating microscopes in otology and neurotology surgery. These advanced visualization tools provide ergonomic benefits and comparable visual experiences for surgeons and observers.
Area of Science:
- Neurosurgery
- Otolaryngology
- Surgical Technology
Background:
- Extracorporeal video microscopes (exoscopes) offer high-definition visualization.
- They are considered alternatives to operating microscopes or loupes for surgical approaches.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the feasibility of 3D exoscopes as alternatives to operating microscopes.
- To evaluate their use in otology and neurotology, including conjunction with endoscopes.
Main Methods:
- A proof-of-concept study involving 11 consecutive cases.
- 3D exoscopes were used as sole visualization or adjunct to microscope/endoscope.
Main Results:
- No perioperative complications were reported.
- Subjective advantages included superior ergonomics and compact size.
- Limitations noted were low lighting in small corridors and pixilation at high magnification.
Conclusions:
- 3D exoscopes are potentially viable alternatives to traditional microscopes in otologic and neurotologic surgery.
- Further research may explore optimizing exoscope performance in challenging surgical environments.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
02:33Initiation of Translation
39.0K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.0K
02:33Initiation of Translation
8.1K
8.1K
01:22Sutures of the Skull
10.4K
The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
10.4K
01:08Overview of the Skull
7.8K
The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
7.8K
03:40Dimensional Analysis
64.3K
Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
The unit...
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
The unit...
64.3K
01:47Transcription Initiation
21.0K
Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
21.0K