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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

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Published on: March 1, 2024
Factors affecting phantom limb pain in patients undergoing amputation: retrospective study
Satoko Noguchi1, Junichi Saito2, Kishiko Nakai2
1Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan. nogusato1110@hirosaki-u.ac.jp.
Preoperative pain management is crucial for preventing phantom limb pain after amputation. Diabetes and inadequate pain control with NSAIDs are linked to developing this condition.
Area of Science:
- Pain Management
- Surgical Outcomes
- Amputation Research
Background:
- Preemptive analgesia's role in preventing phantom limb pain remains debated.
- Effective pain management before amputation is empirically significant.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify factors associated with perioperative phantom limb pain.
- To investigate the impact of preoperative pain control on phantom limb pain development.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective review of medical records for patients undergoing limb amputation.
- Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify associated factors.
Main Results:
- Phantom limb pain incidence was 50%.
- Diabetes mellitus and insufficient preoperative pain control with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were independently associated with phantom limb pain.
- Anesthesia type and postoperative pain levels did not correlate with phantom limb pain development.
Conclusions:
- Inadequate preoperative pain management with NSAIDs and diabetes mellitus are significant factors impacting phantom limb pain.
- Anesthesia and postoperative pain are not directly related to phantom limb pain development.
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