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Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

Published on: October 14, 2022

Deciphering Hi-C: from 3D genome to function.

Siyuan Kong¹, Yubo Zhang²

¹Animal Functional Genomics Group, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 7 Pengfei Road, Dapeng District, 518120, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.

Cell Biology and Toxicology

|January 6, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hi-C technology maps genome-wide chromatin interactions, advancing 3D genomics. A unified standard for Hi-C library construction and analysis is needed to address current limitations and bridge 3D structure to gene function.

Keywords:

3D genomics Chromatin interaction Gene function Hi-C Transcription regulation

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Area of Science:

3D Genomics
Molecular Biology
Bioinformatics

Background:

Hi-C is a pivotal technology for visualizing global chromatin interactions within the eukaryotic genome.
Its applications span nuclear organization, gene regulation, development, genome assembly, and cancer genomics.
Recent advancements have significantly reshaped understanding of genome architecture and chromatin conformation.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of Hi-C technology, covering its history, development, and methodologies.
To discuss current limitations and future perspectives in Hi-C applications and analysis.
To highlight the role of Hi-C in connecting 3D genome structure with gene function.

Main Methods:

Literature review summarizing historical development and methodological advancements in Hi-C.
Analysis of current Hi-C applications and their impact on various biological fields.
Discussion of existing challenges and future directions for Hi-C technology and bioinformatics.

Main Results:

Hi-C has revolutionized the study of 3D genome architecture and chromatin interactions.
There is a recognized need for standardized protocols in Hi-C library construction and data analysis.
Ongoing research and development continue to expand the utility and scope of Hi-C applications.

Conclusions:

Hi-C technology is a dynamic and evolving field with significant contributions to 3D genomics.
Standardization of methods is crucial for robust and reproducible Hi-C studies.
Future directions focus on refining Hi-C techniques to better elucidate the link between genome structure and biological function.