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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation
Published on: March 8, 2018
Upper Extremity Problem-Solving: Challenging Cases
1Motor Control Analysis Laboratory, Department of PM&R, MossRehab, Einstein Healthcare Network, 60 Township Line Road, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Temple University Health Sciences Center, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
Abstract:
Consequences of an upper motor neuron syndrome (UMNS) include voluntary weakness or paresis, superimposed involuntary phenomena such as spastic co-contraction and associated reactions, and superimposed rheologic changes in affected muscles. This article describes the use of dynamic poly-electromyography to assess UMNS muscle overactivity and inform muscle selection for chemodenervation. Cases are presented that involve spastic co-contraction, spastic dystonia, associated reactions, hyperextended wrist and finger flexor tenodesis, differentiating neural versus non-neural (rheologic) hypertonia, upper motor neuron weakness, muscle selection for chemodenervation, and electrical stimulation for muscle specific targeting.
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