Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

19.4K
Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
19.4K
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

5.4K
Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
5.4K
Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

2.2K
Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
2.2K
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

2.0K
Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune...
2.0K
Other Disorders of Digestive System01:30

Other Disorders of Digestive System

1.5K
The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...
1.5K
Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

727
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
727

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Examining the Serial Advantage in Fluent and Dysfluent Readers.

Dyslexia (Chichester, England)·2026
Same author

ABRACADABRA literacy instruction delivered by speech-language pathologists to children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic.

International journal of speech-language pathology·2025
Same author

Dynamic adjustment of the eye-voice span and articulation duration in the course of multi-item naming tasks: Evidence for lockout scheduling.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

Laparoscopic pectopexy for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP): how, why, when: a narrative review of the literature.

Facts, views & vision in ObGyn·2025
Same author

Dyslexia and mental health problems: introduction to the special issue.

Annals of dyslexia·2024
Same author

Internalizing problems in individuals with reading, mathematics and unspecified learning difficulties: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Annals of dyslexia·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
15:00

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Published on: May 1, 2020

8.8K

Dyslexia: Still Not a Neurodevelopmental Disorder.

Athanassios Protopapas1, Rauno Parrila2

  • 1Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Oslo 0318, Norway. athanasios.protopapas@isp.uio.no.

Brain Sciences
|January 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Current evidence does not support dyslexia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Research indicates no brain fault in children with reading difficulties, challenging the neurodevelopmental classification.

Keywords:
braindyslexianeurodevelopmental disorderneuroimagingreading difficulty

More Related Videos

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:43

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

11.8K
Measuring Enzymatic Activity of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Associated Deubiquitylating Enzymes via an In Vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay
07:05

Measuring Enzymatic Activity of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Associated Deubiquitylating Enzymes via an In Vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay

Published on: September 27, 2024

986

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
15:00

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Published on: May 1, 2020

8.8K
Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:43

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

11.8K
Measuring Enzymatic Activity of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Associated Deubiquitylating Enzymes via an In Vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay
07:05

Measuring Enzymatic Activity of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Associated Deubiquitylating Enzymes via an In Vitro Ubiquitin Chain Cleavage Assay

Published on: September 27, 2024

986

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Education

Background:

  • The common view posits brain abnormalities in children with reading difficulties.
  • Dyslexia is often debated as a neurodevelopmental disorder due to its impact on quality of life and observed brain differences.
  • The definition of neurodevelopmental disorder requires evidence of disrupted neurodevelopment or a brain fault.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the evidence supporting dyslexia as a neurodevelopmental disorder.
  • To critically assess the claims linking brain differences to reading difficulties.
  • To determine if current neurological or neuroscientific input is relevant for dyslexia assessment and remediation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical analysis of existing research on dyslexia.
  • Examination of the definition and criteria for neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Evaluation of group differences in brain structure/function in relation to individual reading ability.

Main Results:

  • No credible evidence was found to support dyslexia as a neurodevelopmental disorder.
  • Observed brain differences between reading groups do not equate to a 'brain fault' or abnormal development.
  • The concept of 'typicality' in brain function is not established, making claims of atypicality unfounded.

Conclusions:

  • The claim that dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder lacks a credible foundation.
  • Group differences in brain characteristics do not confirm individual neurodevelopmental deficits.
  • Current neurological and neuroscientific approaches offer no clear benefit for dyslexia assessment and remediation.