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Updated: Jul 7, 2025
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Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
Published on: September 27, 2020
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Internalizing problems in individuals with reading, mathematics and unspecified learning difficulties: a systematic
Ana Paula Alves Vieira1, Peng Peng2, Andrea Antoniuk3
1Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, 3-102 Education North, Edmonton, Canada, T6G2E3, Canada. alvesvie@ualberta.ca.
Annals of Dyslexia
|December 22, 2023
Summary
Individuals with reading, math, or unspecified learning difficulties experience more internalizing problems like anxiety and depression than peers. These issues are more pronounced based on how learning difficulties are diagnosed and the type of internalizing problem.
Area of Science:
- Educational Psychology
- Developmental Psychology
- Clinical Psychology
Background:
- Individuals with learning difficulties (LD) often face mental health challenges.
- Internalizing problems, including anxiety and depression, are common but require further investigation across LD subtypes.
Approach:
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of 2,806 studies (2000-2023) was conducted.
- 96 studies (120 samples, 83,260 participants) were analyzed using a random-effects model.
- Risk of bias and sensitivity analyses were performed.
Key Points:
- Individuals with reading difficulties (RD), mathematics difficulties (MD), or unspecified learning difficulties (ULD) exhibit significantly more internalizing problems than controls (Hedge's g = -0.54).
- Internalizing problems did not differ significantly between RD, MD, and ULD groups.
- Moderator analyses indicated that selection criteria (diagnosis vs. screening) and the type of internalizing problem influenced effect sizes.
Conclusions:
- Individuals with RD, MD, and ULD experience a comparable and elevated level of internalizing problems compared to their peers.
- The way learning difficulties are identified and the specific internalizing problems assessed impact the observed effect sizes.
- Findings highlight the need for integrated mental health support within educational settings for students with learning difficulties.
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