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U.S. Mothers' Long-Term Employment Patterns.

Alexandra Killewald1, Xiaolin Zhuo2

  • 1Department of Sociology, Harvard University, 675 William James Hall, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. killewald@fas.harvard.edu.

Demography
|January 16, 2019
PubMed
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This study reveals five distinct long-term maternal employment patterns over 18 years. Understanding these diverse career trajectories is crucial for analyzing women's work experiences.

Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Economics
  • Demography

Background:

  • Maternal employment research often focuses narrowly on the postpartum period.
  • Existing studies typically model employment as static or track single transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conceptualize maternal employment as a long-term pattern over 18 years postpartum.
  • To identify and characterize distinct maternal employment trajectories.
  • To examine factors associated with these employment patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (NLSY79).
  • Employed sequence analysis to identify common maternal employment patterns.
  • Analyzed associations between maternal characteristics and employment patterns.
Keywords:
EmploymentMotherhoodSequence analysis

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Identified five distinct maternal employment patterns: full-time, part-time, nonemployment, and two reentry patterns (6 or 11 years of nonemployment).
  • Found that immediate postpartum analyses fail to differentiate between nonemployment and reentry groups.
  • Human capital, attitudes, family experiences, and race/ethnicity are associated with specific employment patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal employment should be studied as a dynamic, long-term pattern rather than a static status.
  • Research approaches must account for the qualitative differences among diverse maternal employment trajectories.
  • Understanding long-term patterns offers deeper insights than focusing solely on the postpartum period.