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Wildfires and Birth Outcomes: Evidence From Spain.

Risto Conte Keivabu1, Maria Rubio-Cabañez2

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.

Demography
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Wildfire smoke exposure during pregnancy negatively impacts infant health, leading to lower birth weight and increased risks of preterm birth. These adverse effects are consistent across all socioeconomic backgrounds.

Keywords:
Air pollutionBirth outcomesClimate changeWildfires

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Published on: January 12, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Reproductive Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Pregnancy exposure to environmental toxins poses risks to fetal development.
  • Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity globally, releasing harmful pollutants.
  • Understanding the specific impacts of wildfire smoke on birth outcomes is crucial for public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between wildfire exposure and adverse birth outcomes in Spain.
  • To determine if proximity to wildfires and specific pollutants like PM2.5 influence birth weight and gestational age.
  • To assess the uniformity of these impacts across different sociodemographic strata.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized geospatial data to map wildfire occurrences and proximity for pregnant individuals in Spain.
  • Assessed exposure levels using fire-driven fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations.
  • Analyzed birth records to determine birth weight, low birth weight, and preterm birth rates in relation to wildfire exposure.

Main Results:

  • Wildfire exposure during pregnancy was significantly associated with lower birth weight.
  • Increased risk of both low birth weight and preterm birth was observed with wildfire exposure.
  • The detrimental effects on birth outcomes were consistent across diverse sociodemographic groups.
  • Both the proximity to wildfires and elevated PM2.5 levels were identified as key contributors to adverse outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Wildfire smoke exposure presents a significant threat to fetal development and birth outcomes in Spain.
  • Public health strategies should consider mitigating wildfire smoke exposure during pregnancy.
  • Further research is warranted to explore protective measures and long-term health implications.