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Related Concept Videos

Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.2K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.2K
Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.5K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.5K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

130.6K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
130.6K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.0K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
17.0K
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

87.1K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
87.1K

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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids
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Dissociation pathways of protic ionic liquid clusters: Alkylammonium nitrates.

Amanda L Patrick1, Christopher J Annesley1

  • 1Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Journal of Mass Spectrometry : JMS
|January 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Protic ionic liquids exhibit multiple dissociation pathways, including loss of amine or nitric acid, unlike aprotic ionic liquids. Increased cation basicity and cluster size reduce these alternative pathways, aiding spacecraft propulsion design.

Keywords:
CIDESIelectrosprayionic liquidsproton transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are explored for spacecraft propulsion due to their unique properties.
  • Understanding PIL cluster dissociation is crucial for electrospray propulsion.
  • Most dissociation studies focus on aprotic ionic liquids, leaving PIL behavior less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dissociation pathways of alkylammonium nitrate clusters.
  • To determine factors influencing the relative contributions of different dissociation routes.
  • To compare PIL dissociation with that of aprotic ionic liquids.

Main Methods:

  • Energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (ER-CID) was employed.
  • Alkylammonium nitrate clusters were analyzed.
  • Dissociation products were identified and quantified.

Main Results:

  • PILs exhibit multiple dissociation pathways: ion pair, neutralized cation (alkylamine) loss, and neutralized anion (nitric acid) loss.
  • Increasing cation basicity (degree of alkylation) reduced alternative pathway contributions.
  • Larger cluster sizes also decreased nitric acid loss.

Conclusions:

  • PILs possess distinct dissociation mechanisms compared to aprotic ionic liquids.
  • Cation basicity and cluster size are key factors modulating PIL dissociation.
  • Findings aid in modeling and designing PILs for electrospray propulsion and mass spectrometry applications.