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The function of the kidneys is to filter, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete. Every day the kidneys filter nearly 180 liters of blood, initially removing water and solutes but ultimately returning nearly all filtrates into circulation with the help of osmoregulatory hormones. This process removes wastes and toxins but is also crucial to maintain water and electrolyte levels. Most of these functions are performed by the tiny but numerous nephrons contained within the kidneys.
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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated from serum creatinine using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula or the chronic kidney disease–epidemiology collaboration (CKD–EPI) equation. Both methods are widely used in clinical practice to assess kidney function and guide treatment decisions.The MDRD equation does not require weight or height measurements and is normalized to the body surface area of 1.73 m², considered the average adult surface area.
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There is a gradient of solutes in the interstitial fluid from the renal cortex through the medulla, known as the medullary osmotic gradient. The juxtamedullary nephrons establish and maintain this gradient using countercurrent mechanisms with loops extending deep into the medulla. These nephrons also use countercurrent mechanisms to regulate urine volume and concentration. The interaction between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop creates an osmotic gradient through...
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Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
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Ionophore-Based Optical Sensor for Urine Creatinine Determination.

Miguel M Erenas, Inmaculada Ortiz-Gómez, Ignacio de Orbe-Payá

  • 1Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Av. Països Catalans, 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain.

ACS Sensors
|January 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new optical sensor accurately measures creatinine levels in urine within minutes. This cost-effective method offers a faster, selective alternative for kidney function monitoring.

Keywords:
biofluidscalix[6]pyrroledisposable sensorhost−guest chemistryoptodespectrometry

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Creatinine concentration in urine is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring kidney performance.
  • Current methods for creatinine analysis can be time-consuming, necessitating faster alternatives.
  • Development of novel sensors is vital for efficient metabolite analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize a novel optical disposable sensor for monitoring creatinine levels in urine.
  • To evaluate the sensor's response time, dynamic range, selectivity, and reproducibility.
  • To provide a simple, quick, and cost-effective alternative to conventional creatinine detection methods.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a new aryl-substituted calix[4]pyrrole synthetic receptor with a coextraction scheme.
  • Optimized sensor components, including a lipophilic pH indicator suitable for acidic conditions.
  • Tested sensor performance using creatinine standards and assessed selectivity against common urine cations.

Main Results:

  • The optical sensor demonstrated a rapid response time of approximately 3 minutes for creatinine detection.
  • Achieved a wide dynamic range for creatinine detection, from 1 × 10⁻⁵ to 1 × 10⁻² M.
  • Exhibited good sensor-to-sensor reproducibility (RSD, 5.1-6.9%) and selectivity for creatinine over common cations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed optical disposable sensor offers a simple, quick, cost-effective, and selective method for creatinine monitoring.
  • This sensor presents a viable alternative to the traditional Jaffé reaction for urine analysis.
  • The sensor's performance characteristics meet the requirements for practical application in real-world sample measurements.