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Some tumor cells can evolve into transmissible cancers. This study hypothesizes that some modern animal taxa, like Myxosporea, may have descended from ancient transmissible tumors, evidenced by simplified genomes lacking key cancer-progression genes.

Keywords:
CancerDevil facial tumor diseaseEvolutionMyxosporeaMyxozoaSimplificationSpeciationTransmissible tumor

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Cancer biology

Background:

  • Transmissible cancers, such as Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease, demonstrate tumor cell evolution into parasites.
  • The hypothesis posits that ancient transmissible tumors could have given rise to certain modern animal lineages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and investigate the hypothesis that some animal taxa are descendants of ancient transmissible tumors.
  • To identify potential candidates for "speciated by cancer development animals" (SCANDALs).

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis of simplified animal taxa including Dicyemida, Orthonectida, Myxosporea, and Trichoplax.
  • Comparative genomics to identify genomic alterations characteristic of cancer progression, such as deletions of apoptosis genes.

Main Results:

  • Myxosporea emerged as the most plausible candidates for a tumor ancestry.
  • Myxosporea, simplified parasitic cnidarians, universally lack key genes involved in cancer progression, including Caspase, BCL2, p53, and Apaf-1 homologs.
  • This genomic profile suggests a disruption of major apoptotic pathways early in their evolutionary history.

Conclusions:

  • The genomic data supports the hypothesis that Myxosporea may have evolved from transmissible tumors.
  • Further research involving comparative genomics and single-cell transcriptomics is recommended to validate the theory of speciation via a cancerous stage.