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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Case Report: Primary Orbital Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Alexander D Blandford1, Claudine Bellerive1, Martin Tom2

  • 1Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Ocular Oncology and Pathology
|January 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary orbital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is rare, usually arising from nearby tumors. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and multidisciplinary approach for this uncommon orbital malignancy.

Keywords:
Orbital radiationOrbital tumorPrimarySquamous cell carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the orbit is exceptionally rare, typically resulting from invasion or metastasis.
  • The orbit lacks native squamous epithelium, making primary orbital SCC an infrequent occurrence.

Observation:

  • This study presents a rare case of primary orbital SCC.
  • The initial presentation of orbital SCC can be vague, potentially delaying diagnosis.

Findings:

  • Literature review reveals only 8 reported cases of primary orbital SCC, with few involving non-apical locations.
  • Two cases suggest a link between post-retina surgery conjunctival cysts and SCC development.

Implications:

  • Early recognition and diagnosis of orbital SCC are crucial for effective management.
  • A multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmology, oncology, and radiology is essential for managing this rare orbital tumor.