Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Intra-Operative Neural Monitoring of Thyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model
Published on: February 11, 2019
Genioglossus Advancement and Hyoid Surgery
Yau Hong Goh1, Victor Abdullah2, Sung Wan Kim3
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, 3 Mount Elizabeth, Suite 03-01/02, Singapore 228510, Singapore.
Abstract:
The structure and dimensions of the mandible, tongue, and hyoid complex are important variables in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea at the hypopharyngeal level. Genioglossus advancement is based on mandibular osteotomy, which brings the genioglossus muscle (GGM) forward and prevents posterior collapse during sleep. The genioglossus advancement technique has recently undergone several modifications; each has attempted to minimize surgical morbidity while improving the incorporation and advancement of the GGM. The hyoid bone has been of interest in sleep apnea and apnea-related surgical procedures because of its integral relationship with the tongue base and hypopharynx. Hyothyroidopexy is illustrated.
Related Concept Videos
The Hyoid Bone
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Extraction: Advanced Methods
Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques
Positive Regulator Molecules

