Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...

Difference from Background: Limit of Detection

Difference from Background: Limit of Detection

The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...

Gravitational Potential Energy for Extended Objects

Gravitational Potential Energy for Extended Objects

Consider a system comprising several point masses. The coordinates of the center of mass for this system can be expressed as the summation of the product of each mass and its position vector divided by the total mass:

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...

Sequences

Sequences

Sequences are fundamental mathematical objects consisting of ordered lists of numbers that follow a specific rule or pattern. Sequences are critical in various mathematical concepts, including calculus, series, and number theory. They can model real-world phenomena such as population growth, financial investments, and physical processes like the diminishing height of a bouncing ball.Each number in a sequence is referred to as a term. Typically, the terms are denoted as a1, a2, a3,…, where...

Sanger Sequencing

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Dynamic evolution and mechanism of calcium fluoride crystal degradation under X-ray irradiation.

Optics express·2026

Same author

Pharmacological Targeting of NRF2 Represents a Promising Therapeutic Approach for Pyroptosis-Related Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Current medicinal chemistry·2026

Same author

Mismatch-time ratio combined with ASPECTS: a novel indicator of favorable prognosis in multimodal ct prediction of anterior circulation large vessel occlusion.

BMC neurology·2026

Same author

Low-dose radiation mitigates PM2.5-induced lung impairment by down-regulating ROS-mediated inflammation and apoptotic pathways in AECII cells.

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety·2026

Same author

Neutrophil extracellular traps in tumor microenvironment for radiotherapy: friend or foe?

Frontiers in immunology·2026

Same author

3-substituted-γ-pyrone conjugated ergosterol hybrid with fungicidal activity and potential mechanisms.

Pesticide biochemistry and physiology·2026

Same journal

RETRACTED: Zhang et al. A Novel Framework for Reconstruction and Imaging of Target Scattering Centers via Wide-Angle Incidence in Radar Networks. <i>Sensors</i> 2025, <i>25</i>, 6802.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Enhancing Unsupervised Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Person Re-Identification via Mixture of Experts and Graph-Based Relation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Development of an Instrumented Glove for Palmar Pressure Assessment in Kayakers.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Development and Experimental Validation of an Autonomous IoT-Based Monitoring System for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment in the Amazon River.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Semi-Supervised Adversarial Learning Framework for Controller Area Network Bus Intrusion Detection.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Smart Optimization Method for Safety Signs in Innovative Manufacturing Environments Integrating Industrial Field IoT Sensors and Knowledge Graphs.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Published on: January 25, 2019

Extended Codebook with Multispectral Sequences for Background Subtraction.

Rongrong Liu¹, Yassine Ruichek², Mohammed El-Bagdouri³

¹Connaissance et Intelligence Artificielle Distribuées (CIAD), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UTBM, F-90010 Belfort, France. rongrong.liu@utbm.fr.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|February 13, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances the Codebook background subtraction model for multispectral imaging, improving moving object detection accuracy and efficiency. The self-adaptive multispectral Codebook model outperforms traditional RGB methods.

Keywords:

background subtraction codebook multispectral sequences self-adaptive spectral information divergence

More Related Videos

AMEBaS: Automatic Midline Extraction and Background Subtraction of Ratiometric Fluorescence Time-Lapses of Polarized Single Cells

AMEBaS: Automatic Midline Extraction and Background Subtraction of Ratiometric Fluorescence Time-Lapses of Polarized Single Cells

Published on: June 23, 2023

A Rapid Method for Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging of Frozen Tissue Sections

A Rapid Method for Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging of Frozen Tissue Sections

Published on: March 30, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Published on: January 25, 2019

AMEBaS: Automatic Midline Extraction and Background Subtraction of Ratiometric Fluorescence Time-Lapses of Polarized Single Cells

AMEBaS: Automatic Midline Extraction and Background Subtraction of Ratiometric Fluorescence Time-Lapses of Polarized Single Cells

Published on: June 23, 2023

A Rapid Method for Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging of Frozen Tissue Sections

A Rapid Method for Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging of Frozen Tissue Sections

Published on: March 30, 2020

Area of Science:

Computer Vision
Image Processing
Remote Sensing

Background:

Background subtraction is crucial for real-time object detection.
Traditional Red-Green-Blue (RGB) models have limitations in complex environments.
The Codebook model is a popular real-time background subtraction technique.

Purpose of the Study:

To extend the Codebook model for multispectral sequences.
To introduce a self-adaptive mechanism for improved performance and parameter efficiency.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the multispectral Codebook model in moving object detection.

Main Methods:

Extension of the Codebook model from RGB to multispectral data.
Development of a self-adaptive mechanism using statistical information.
Introduction of Spectral Information Divergence, Brightness, and Spectral Distortion for evaluation.

Main Results:

The multispectral self-adaptive Codebook model demonstrated superior moving object detection capabilities compared to RGB sequences.
The self-adaptive mechanism improved performance and reduced the need for manual parameter tuning.
Experiments on diverse multispectral datasets validated the model's robustness.

Conclusions:

The multispectral self-adaptive Codebook model offers enhanced performance for moving object detection.
This research framework facilitates future applications of multispectral sequences in this domain.
The proposed method provides a more robust and efficient solution for real-time background subtraction.