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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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The Maghreb demographic transition: Tunisia case study.

Kamel Ben Salem, Ahmed Ben Abdelaziz

    La Tunisie Medicale
    |February 13, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Tunisia

    Area of Science:

    • Demography
    • Population Studies
    • Gerontology

    Background:

    • Tunisia has a long history of population censuses dating back to 1921.
    • The country possesses a rich database for analyzing population changes over time.
    • Population structure, particularly age distribution, is a key focus of analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine Tunisia's demographic transition process.
    • To describe the phenomenon of population aging in Tunisia.
    • To analyze changes in population structure using historical data.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized demographic indicators from the National Institute of Statistics (INS).
    • Incorporated data from local press and international sources.
    • Analyzed age pyramids and key demographic rates (birth, death, fertility).

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    Main Results:

    • Tunisia's age pyramid has shifted from a broad base to a narrower one under 25.
    • The proportion of individuals aged 60 and over increased from 5.5% (1966) to 11.4% (2014).
    • Significant declines in birth rates (23.27‰ to 5.48‰) and death rates (45.47‰ to 18.87‰) were observed between 1960 and 2014.
    • Total fertility rate decreased from 7.01 (1964) to 2.4 (2014).

    Conclusions:

    • These findings confirm a rapid demographic transition in Tunisia.
    • The data indicates Tunisia is experiencing moderate population aging.
    • The demographic trends suggest a future with a larger elderly population.